abstract：:Disturbed liver parenchymal cell function adversely impacts on the hemostasis system, the extent of which correlates with the degree of liver disease. Because liver parenchymal cells synthesize most factors of the clotting and the fibrinolytic systems, levels of these procoagulant and anticoagulant as well as profibri...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Mammen EF

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Market forces and service demands are driving a segment of laboratory testing away from centralized laboratories and closer to the patient's bedside. Placed into a historical perspective, this should be neither surprising nor distressing. Terminology is being clarified and professional societies are beginning to take ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Handorf CR

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This second part of the review article compiles currently available information on the effects of lead poisoning. Also examined are the available options for assay, the procedures for collection of samples, and the available methods for the estimation of lead in the collected samples. ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Philip AT,Gerson B

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antiretroviral drugs against HIV infection have been developed that inhibit various stages of the HIV replication cycle. Agents other than reverse transcriptase inhibitors are reviewed with particular attention to those under study in clinical trials, including inhibitors of the virus-encoded protease enzyme. In addit...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Kaplan JC,Hirsch MS

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are multiple levels of transcriptional regulation that a cell can bring to bear on either native cellular genes or integrated proviral genes. One such level of regulation is inducible sequence-specific transcriptional factors, such as NF-kappa B, which have been extensively investigated with respect to the HIV-1...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Laughlin MA,Pomerantz RJ

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Susceptibility testing of microorganisms isolated from blood cultures should follow the guidelines of the NCCLS in the selection of antimicrobial agents and the method for testing. Standardized testing can be performed on isolated colonies from pure subcultures of the blood/broth mixture. Direct susceptibility testing...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Mirrett S

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The red cell indices of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration have been standard methods of evaluating anemia since they were developed by Wintrobe in the 1930s. This article discusses the technical variabilities that have rendered the classic red cell indi...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Savage RA

更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mean platelet volume measurement can reflect changes in either the level of platelet stimulation or rate of platelet production. The controversy related to whether platelets change volume or density in the circulation is still not clearly resolved, and although the relationship between platelet number and size and...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Threatte GA

更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The clinical diagnosis and management of thyroid hormone excess and deficiency are dependent on accurate laboratory measurements and the interpretation of serum free T4 and TSH values. A variety of free T4 methods are available that perform well in otherwise healthy patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Kaptein EM

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As aerobic creatures, normal living requires that not only are human beings exposed to oxygen but are dependent on oxygen. Humans have evolved mechanisms to cope with living in an aerobic environment; however, modern humans may be more exposed to oxidant stresses. Much indirect evidence implicates reactive oxygen spec...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Bankson DD,Kestin M,Rifai N

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Methodologic aspects including causes of factitious hyperphosphatemia and hypophosphatemia are summarized. The differential diagnosis of hyperphosphatemia is reviewed under its three broad causes: decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased exogenous or endogenous phosphate load, and increased renal tubular phosph...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Bourke E,Yanagawa N

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanisms of immunologic injury causing glomerulonephritis are based on immune complex or autoantibody deposition with activation of complement. Circulating immune complex disease can be diagnosed and monitored with improved assays for immune complexes, DNA antibodies, complement levels, and complement activation pro...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： McPherson RA

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An obvious advantage of a combined PAP and PSA measurement is the increased sensitivity of detection. Furthermore, the use of both markers in monitoring patients with prostatic carcinoma offers the advantage of a greater number of patients with objective parameters for follow-up. ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Saito Y

更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transfusion medicine is a rapidly evolving specialty, and efforts are ongoing to improve the safety and quality of blood component therapy. Leukocytes are known to be the cause of numerous adverse effects of transfusion therapy, and their removal from red cells and platelet components may be desirable in a variety of ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Klapper EB,Goldfinger D

更新日期：1992-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I have reviewed many of the methods available for the assessment of fetal lung maturity. The difficulty of using diagnostic tests for diseases of low prevalence has been discussed. By reviewing the nature of the amniotic fluid surfactant material, and some of the principles underlying analytical methods, the bases of ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Dubin SB

更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article addresses several fundamental features of clinical flow cytometry. A practical overview of the technical and methodologic aspects of this fast-growing and increasingly important new clinical and investigative field is provided. The use of flow cytometry for the diagnosis and monitoring of various chronic ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Kipps TJ,Meisenholder G,Robbins BA

更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoimmune aPL are associated with a well-defined clinical syndrome of vascular thromboses, recurrent fetal loss, thrombocytopenia, livedo reticularis, and valvular and neurologic abnormalities. A clinical diagnosis of SLE need not be present, and aPL syndrome in the absence of other well-defined autoimmune disease is...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Sammaritano LR,Gharavi AE

更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most efficacious and practical means of diagnosing human schistosomiasis is based on the detection of infection-specific antibodies. Because of their high sensitivity, antibody assays remain the most practical assays for epidemiologic studies and patient management. Initial screening may be performed in the field ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Tsang VC,Wilkins PP

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diagnostic procedures for the detection of malaria differ considerably depending on the aims of evaluation. The current requirements of any laboratory procedure for general application to the detection and diagnosis of malaria include: sensitivity, specificity, simplicity in application, unambiguous interpretation, an...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Makler MT,Gibbins B

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclosporine (CsA) monitoring has remained controversial since the advent of the use of CsA in organ transplantation in the early 1980s. This article attempts to clarify for the clinical laboratory worker many of the vagaries associated with CsA monitoring by considering choice of sample matrix, the nature of metaboli...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Napoli KL,Kahan BD

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The primary product of the laboratory is information. Greater attention should be devoted to how laboratory reports are presented to ensure that information is being conveyed effectively to the clinician. Different reporting techniques, including test-by-test, interim, cumulative, and completed accession reports, are ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Aller RD

更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the past 20 years, laboratory systems have evolved to a high degree of complexity. In some cases, continuing addition of new features has adversely affected functionality. There is increasing recognition that the number of features listed on a request for proposal does not necessarily provide an accurate guide ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Krieg AF

更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The myelodysplastic syndromes are bone marrow stem cell disorders that result in disorderly and ineffective hematopoiesis. They are prognostically heterogenous. Approximately one third of cases evolve to acute myeloid leukemia. Many additional cases terminate in severe bone marrow failure. The French-American-British ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： McKenna RW,Allison PM

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Granulocytic sarcoma is a variant presentation of acute myeloblastic leukemia, occurring in extramedullary locations. It is uncommon, but it may occur at any site and at any age, which necessitates its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of all undifferentiated tumors. Histology, touch-imprint cytology, cytochemis...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Hutchison RE,Kurec AS,Davey FR

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is necessary to determine the safety of polymeric materials through laboratory and animal testing before biomedical use can become more widespread. This article describes many of the methods used in analyzing the toxicology and biocompatibility of potentially important biomedical polymers. The study method used in ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Laurencin CT,Pierre-Jacques HM,Langer R

更新日期：1990-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drugs ingested in overdose can have altered pharmacokinetics of absorption, distribution, and elimination. The pathophysiologic consequences of overdose can also change a drug's pharmacokinetic properties. Many toxicologic interventions are based on modifying the drug's pharmacokinetics (e.g., impairing absorption or ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Platt D

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An ideal immunohistochemical screening panel would be one in which each antibody is 100% sensitive and specific for the target cell type (e.g., markers for epithelial neoplasms, lymphomas, sarcomas, etc.). Anyone who has practiced immunochemistry is well aware that this situation does not exist. High sensitivity is hi...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Linder J

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of assay techniques for the analysis of tumor markers in tissue extracts and in the peripheral circulation has had a major impact on the diagnosis and management of patients with endocrine neoplasms. In addition to eutopic and ectopic hormones, a variety of other tumor-derived products, including endoc...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： DeLellis RA

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:ALP is a profoundly ubiquitous enzyme that originates in many, if not all, mammalian tissues. The development of a simple ISEF technique has allowed reflection of at least 12 cellular components. Improvements in technique may add further zones of information. The aura of darkness surrounding ALP is being slowly dissip...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Griffiths J

更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Seven different mycoplasmas have been isolated from the human genitourinary tract. The diseases they cause or with which they have been associated are described. Diagnosis of infection by cultural and noncultural (antigen detection, DNA probes) methods is discussed in detail. The more useful serologic procedures are i...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Taylor-Robinson D

更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Automation of AST has come quite some way and is here to stay. In particular, fully automated, "hands off" instruments have great appeal to laboratories with a limited number of well-trained and experienced clinical microbiology personnel. None of the evaluated instruments is perfect, but then neither are the standard...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Kiehlbauch J,Kendle JM,Carlson LG,Schoenknecht FD,Plorde JJ

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of antimicrobic susceptibility testing is outlined with particular reference to standardization of procedures and organizational developments that have led to substantially improved performance. Special problems continue to be posed by increased proportions of opportunistic pathogens and newly recogniz...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Sherris JC

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The apoproteins structurally are closely associated with specific lipoproteins, for example, apoprotein B with VLDL and LDL and apoprotein A-I with HDL. The levels of these apoproteins provide information about the plasma concentrations and metabolism of the lipoproteins with which they are associated. The levels of a...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Albers JJ,Brunzell JD,Knopp RH

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Image processing has traveled to the lunar surface and back, finding its way into the clinical laboratory. Advances in digital computers have improved the technology of image analysis, resulting in a wide variety of medical applications. Offering improvements in turnaround time, standardized systems, increased precisi...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Kisner HJ

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nephropathy progressing to end-stage renal failure is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. The development of diabetic nephropathy is preceded for many years by minor increases in urine albumin excretion (microalbuminuria), and some diabetologists believe that by reducing or reversing this early abnormality, po...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Hindmarsh JT

更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The importance of the phlogogenic effects of immune complexes in disease pathogenesis has been emphasized, but they also have a role in immunoregulation. We examined the effects of DNA: anti-DNA immune complexes, formed at different antigen:antibody ratios, on the ability of T cells to modulate DNA antibody production...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Clough JD,Calabrese LH,Budervic SA

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical markers has improved our understanding of the biology of lymphoproliferative disorders. These same techniques can now provide practical information when applied to the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders. ...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Beckstead JH

更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Respiratory viruses continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality. Currently available chemotherapy is limited to oral amantadine for uncomplicated influenza A and aerosolized ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Amantadine is also efficacious for chemoprophylaxis of influenza A virus i...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Sperber SJ,Hayden FG

更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cannabis, or marijuana, has been known and used as a drug for many thousands of years. Recent interest in drug abuse and detection has spurred the development of several methodologies for cannabinoid detection. These methods include immunoassays and chromatography. Laboratories routinely performing cannabinoid testing...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： King DL,Martel PA,O'Donnell CM

更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The principles, technique of measurement, and clinical significance of free drugs are reviewed. Albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoprotein are the main drug-binding proteins in blood. Variations of the concentrations of these proteins owing to disease would result in changes in the free drug levels. These lev...

journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine

authors： Chan S,Gerson B

更新日期：1987-06-01 00:00:00